Chapter 5: Cellular Respiration advanced

 Cellular Respiration --> The human body needs to produce ATP (Energy molecule) in order to conduct daily tasks. This production of ATP takes place through chemical reactions and is given the name Cellular Respiration. 

Steps of Cellular Respiration:

1. Glycolysis --> Happens in the cytoplasm of the cell, this process breaks apart a sugar molecule into 2 ATP molecules, 2 Pyruvate (Type of acid) molecules, and 2 NADH molecules (Electron carrier, will get into more details later)


2. Pyruvate Oxidation --> Happens in the matrix, Breaks apart the 2 pyruvate made in step 1 into 2 Carbon dioxide molecules, 2 Acetyl COA molecules, and  2 NADH


3. Krebs Cycle --> Happens in the matrix, Breaks 2 Acetyl CoA formed in step 2 into 4 Carbon dioxide molecules, 2ATP, molecules, 6 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH (Transports electrons) molecules


4. Broken into two parts - ETC and Chemiosmosis 

     1. ETC and Chemiosmosis --> Final step and takes place in the Inner Membrane, NADH and FADH produced in previous steps deliver electrons to the electron transport chain* where energy that is released from the movement of electrons  pumps Hydrogen ions across the cellular membrane causing a higher concentration of ions on one side of the membrane. This concentration difference will be important later, however first the electrons must need to be dealt with since they need a final place to go. So oxygen (in our blood) accepts these electrons and combines with them to produce H2O (Water). 


*Recap of ETC: ETC is a series of steps in which molecules give/accept electrons (energy of electrons is released with each step)


2. The higher concentration of ions that was built up before is now used. ATP synthase (enzyme) is used to pump hydrogen ions back to the lower concentration area to normalize both sides. Now as ATP synthases works to pump the ions back from where they came, it produces 34 ATP molecules in the process. 


Recap:

1.Glycolysis (Cytoplasm): Breaks apart sugar into 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, and 2 NADH


2.Pyruvate Oxidation (Matrix): Breaks apart 2 Pyruvate into 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH


3.Krebs Cycle (Matrix): Breaks  2 Acetyl CoA into 4 CO2, 2ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH


4. ETC and Chemiosmosis (Inner Membrane): NADH and FADH deliver electrons to ETC which causes energy to be released and that pumps H+ ions across the membrane. O2 accepts the electrons and produces 6 H2O along with 34 ATP





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